What is the primary focus of the science of geophysics as it relates to archaeology?

The primary focus of the science of geophysics, particularly in its relation to archaeology, centers on understanding the physical properties of the Earth and the conditions surrounding it. Geophysics employs techniques like ground-penetrating radar, magnetic resonance, and seismic methods to investigate subsurface structures without the need for excavation. This approach allows archaeologists to map archaeological sites, locate buried structures, and identify potential excavation spots based on variations in the physical properties of soil and rock layers.

By applying these methods, geophysicists can create a profile of what lies beneath the surface, which is instrumental in revealing evidence of past human activities, settlement patterns, and landscape modifications. This focus distinguishes geophysics from other aspects of archaeological study, such as the analysis of artifacts or the exploration of social structures, which rely more on material culture and historical context rather than the physical attributes of the earth itself.