According to Carneiro's theory, what are the factors contributing to the emergence of states?

Carneiro's theory elucidates the emergence of states by emphasizing the interplay of several interrelated factors, specifically population growth, warfare, and geographic circumscription. This combination creates conditions that foster the formation of centralized political structures.

Population pressure compels societies to develop more organized and complex systems of governance to manage resources effectively and maintain social order. Furthermore, when groups are geographically circumscribed—meaning their movement and resource acquisition are limited due to natural barriers or other groups—they may become more competitive, leading to conflict and warfare. The resultant wars not only consolidate power and resources in the hands of fewer leaders but also create the need for a state apparatus to manage and defend those resources.

This multifaceted approach differentiates Carneiro's theory from the other options. Environmental changes alone are insufficient to explain state formation, as they do not encompass the social dynamics and conflict that arise from population pressures. While technological advancements can certainly influence social organization, they are not the singular or primary drivers of state emergence in this framework. Focusing on a single dominant cause oversimplifies the complex interplay of factors involved in state formation. Thus, the correct choice acknowledges how these elements come together cohesively in Carneiro's argument for the emergence of states.