In archaeology, what does the term 'matrix' refer to?

The term 'matrix' in archaeology primarily refers to the surrounding deposit of archaeological finds, which plays a crucial role in understanding the context of an artifact. The matrix comprises the materials that encase and support the artifacts, such as soil, sediment, or other geological materials. This context is essential for interpreting the relationship of the artifact to its environment, including its stratigraphy, or the layers in which it was found.

Understanding the matrix assists archaeologists in reconstructing past human behaviors, activities, and environmental conditions. For instance, the characteristics of the matrix can provide insights into the period of use, the preservation conditions, and how the artifact was deposited or disturbed over time. Thus, recognizing the matrix allows for more accurate dating and contextual analysis of artifacts within an archaeological site.

Other concepts related to the historical context of an artifact, methods of dating, and classification of artifacts are important in archaeology but do not specifically define the term 'matrix.' These aspects provide broader frameworks for analysis but do not capture the specific function of the matrix in preserving and contextualizing archaeological evidence.