What does "strata" refer to in archaeology?

The term "strata" in archaeology specifically refers to layers of rock or soil that have distinct characteristics. These layers often form over time and can provide crucial information about the sequence of events that took place in a particular location. Each stratum can contain different artifacts, fossils, or other materials, which can help archaeologists understand changes in the environmental conditions, human activity, or cultural developments over time.

Understanding strata is essential for interpreting the chronological order of findings at an archaeological site. By analyzing the features and contents of different strata, archaeologists can construct timelines and make inferences about how societies have evolved.

The other choices do not accurately reflect the meaning of "strata." While a single type of artifact, methods of dating artifacts, and tools for excavation are all significant in archaeology, they do not relate to the concept of strata, which focuses on the vertical organization of materials within the earth.