What is the Upper Palaeolithic associated with?

The Upper Palaeolithic is specifically associated with the period in prehistory that saw the emergence and development of modern Homo sapiens in Europe and the Middle East. This era, occurring roughly between 50,000 and 10,000 years ago, is marked by significant advancements in technology, art, and social organization among these early humans.

During the Upper Palaeolithic, there were notable advancements in tool-making, with the creation of sophisticated blades, and the use of materials like bone, antler, and ivory. Additionally, this period is famous for its cave art, which showcased the creative capabilities of modern humans and provided insight into their social and spiritual lives.

The other options refer to later developments in human history. The earliest farmers are linked to the Neolithic period, which follows the Upper Palaeolithic and involves the advent of agriculture. Advanced agricultural techniques and the rise of city-states are associated with even later periods of human development, specifically during the Bronze Age and beyond. Therefore, the correct association of the Upper Palaeolithic is indeed with modern humans in Europe and the Middle East, highlighting their cultural and technological advancements during that time.