What term refers to the formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another?

The term that refers to the formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another is allopatric speciation. This process occurs when a population becomes divided by geographical barriers such as mountains, rivers, or distances that prevent members of the population from interbreeding. Over time, as the separated groups experience different environmental conditions and selective pressures, they may undergo genetic changes that lead to reproductive isolation and the emergence of distinct species.

In contrast, sympatric speciation occurs when new species arise from populations that live in the same geographic area but become reproductively isolated due to other factors, such as behavioral changes or shifts in habitat preference. Parapatric speciation involves neighboring populations that are partially separated and experience different selective pressures, ultimately leading to the development of new species. Peripatric speciation is a form of allopatric speciation that specifically involves a small population that becomes isolated at the edge of a larger population’s range.

Understanding allopatric speciation is crucial for grasping how geographical barriers play a significant role in the evolutionary process and species diversity.