What timeframe did the Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan) thrive?

The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, is understood to have thrived during the timeframe of approximately 3500 to 2500 KYA (thousand years ago). This civilization developed in the northwestern region of South Asia, primarily around the Indus River basin, and is noted for its advanced urban planning, architecture, and social organization.

This period encapsulates the rise of major urban centers such as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which showcased sophisticated municipal systems, including drainage and water supply. The height of the civilization's development aligns with this timeframe, marking advancements in trade, craft specialization, and agricultural practices that contributed to its prosperity. Understanding this specific timeframe is crucial as it helps contextualize the achievements of the civilization within the broader history of human development. The misalignment of the other options indicates either too early or too late periods that do not accurately reflect the flourishing phase of the Indus Valley Civilization.