Which of the following does NOT describe the theory of catastrophism?

The theory of catastrophism is rooted in the idea that the Earth's features and the species that inhabit it have been shaped primarily by a series of sudden, short-lived, and violent events, such as natural disasters. This perspective suggests that major geological events, like floods or volcanic eruptions, can dramatically alter landscapes and ecosystems, leading to the extinction of certain species and the emergence of new ones.

The first two statements align well with the principles of catastrophism. The notion that natural disasters shape landforms is fundamental to the theory, as these cataclysmic events are seen as the primary forces behind significant geological changes. Additionally, the theory accounts for the extinction of species, explaining that drastic events could lead to the sudden disappearance of organisms that could not adapt quickly enough to the new conditions.

The fourth statement talks about the compatibility of catastrophism with the biblical age of the Earth, emphasizing that while catastrophes can cause rapid changes, they do not negate the longstanding belief in a divinely ordained timeframe for the creation of the Earth and its inhabitants.

In contrast, the claim that species can evolve significantly over time, as indicated in the correct choice, does not align with the traditional understanding of catastrophism. This idea implies a gradual process of change and adaptation